政府引导下的报废汽车逆向物流网络优化设计
周 珍[1],杨 斌2,许波桅3,朱小林4
(上海海事大学 物流研究中心,上海 201306)
摘要:针对报废汽车集聚增加的问题,本文在无政府引导和有政府引导两种情形下分别设计废旧汽车逆向物流网络。在无政府引导下,以最小化网络总成本为目标,构建包含回收中心、再循环中心以及再制造中心的三级废旧汽车逆向物流网络,涉及拆解零部件的再利用、再循环、再制造和环保处理四种处理方式。基于原网络模型,政府通过补贴激励政策和对逆向物流产生的负外部效应进行约束来引导企业构建绿色物流网络。本文建立线性规划模型,采用cplex软件进行求解,并对各参数进行灵敏度分析。算例研究表明:政府实施的负效应约束能显著改变网络布局,政府补贴能有效降低网络成本,而两种政策的结合能以较低的成本建设负效应较小的物流网络。
关键词:逆向物流;报废汽车;政府;负效应;补贴;网络设计
中图分类号:F252 文献识别码:A
Optimal design of reverse logistics network for the End-of-Life automobiles under the guidance of the government
ZHOU Zhen, YANG Bin, XU Bo-wei, ZHU Xiao-lin
( Logistics Research Center, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China)
Abstract: With regard to the problem of the rapid increase of End-of-Life (EoL) automobiles, the reverse logistics network of EoL automobiles with and without the government guidance is designed respectively. Without the government guidance, in order to minimize the total cost of the network, a three levels of automobile reverse logistics network which includes collecting center, recycling centers and remanufacturing center is built.And it involves reuse, recycling, remanufacturing and environmental handling four kinds treatment means for the dismantled parts. Then, based on the original network model, the government guides the enterprises to build green reverse logistics network through the implementation of subsidies incentive policies and constraints of negative external effects of reverse logistics. This paper establishes a linear programming model, and then applies the software cplex to solve it and the sensitivity analysis for each parameter is conducted. The samples study indicate that the implementation of negative external effects constraints can obviously change the network layout, the government subsidies can effectively reduce the network cost, and the combined use of two kinds of policy can reduce the negative external effect of the reverse logistics network with lower network cost.
Key words: reverse logistics; End-of-Life automobiles; government; negative external effect; subsidies; network design
0引言
随科技的进步和经济的发展,人们的物质生活水平不断得到提高,汽车的使用也越来越广泛且生命周期日益缩短,致使报废车辆的数量急剧增加,预计中国2020年汽车报废量将超过1400万辆。汽车作为一种高能耗、高污染的产品,在其报废阶段,不仅会对环境造成严重的污染,而且会浪费大量可用资源。有数据表明,废旧汽车中90%以上金属类、50%的橡胶、塑料和玻璃类都可以回收再利用。因此,废旧汽车的逆向物流行业具有显著的经济效益和环境效益。而逆向物流网络的构建是实施逆向物流的基础核心环节,部分学者对此做了相关的研究。Cruz等将运输费用定为设计汽车回收网络的决定因素,研究了废旧车辆的回收、去污染以及拆解活动,并建立网络优化模型[1]。Merkisz提出一个线性规划模型,以网络总成本最小为目标,来确定废旧汽车回收网络中回收点、拆解中心等关键设施的最优选址[2]。Luu考虑废弃物回收处理过程中的回收成本、运输成本、处理成本,以及出售零部件的收益,建立包含回收中心、拆解中心、再循环中心以及市场的四级逆向物流网络[3]。